Substitution reactions - The mechanisms - Factor 1 : the electrophile (substrate) - Factor 2 : the nucleophile - Factor 3 : the leaving group - Factor 4 : the solvent - Using all four factors - Substitution reactions teach us some important lessons - 10. nucleophilicity - Arrow-pushing patterns for ionic mechanisms - Carbocation rearrangements - Information contained in a mechanism - 9. Mechanisms - Introduction to mechanisms - Nucleophiles and electrophiles - Basicity vs.
Configurations - Locating stereocenters - Determining the configuration of a stereocenter - Nomenclature - Drawing enantiomers - Diastereomers - Meso compounds - Drawing Fischer projection - Optical activity - 8. Conformations - How to draw a Newman projection - Ranking the stability of Newman projections - Drawing chair conformations - Placing groups on the chair - Ring flipping - Comparing the stability of chairs - Don't be confused by the nomenclature - 7. Nomenclature - functional group - Unsaturation - Naming the parent chain - Naming substituents - Stereoisomerism - Numbering - Common names - Going from a name to a structure - 6. Geometry - Orbitals and hybridization states - Geometry - Lone pairs - 5. Acid base reactions - What atom is the charge on? - Resonance - Introduction - Orbitals - Ranking the four factors - Other factors - Quantitative measurement (pKa values) - Predicting the position of equilibrium - Showing a mechanism - 4. Resonance - What is resonance? - Curved arrows: the tools for drawing resonance structures - The two commandments - Drawing good arrows - Formal charges in resonance structures - Drawing resonance structures-step by step - Drawing resonance structures-step by step - Drawing resonance structures-by recognizing patterns - Assessing the relative importance of resonance structures - 3. Bond like drawings - How to read bond-line drawings - How to draw bond-line drawings - Mistakes to avoid - More exercises - Identifying formal charges - Finding lone pairs that are not drawn - 2. Topics are presented clearly in an accessible writing style along with numerous hands-on problem solving exercisesġ. It is written in a way that clearly shows the patterns in organic chemistry so that readers can gain a deeper conceptual understanding of the material. This edition explores the major principles in the field and explains why they are relevant. Readers continue to turn to Klein's Organic Chemistry as a Second Language: First Semester Topics, 4th Edition because it enables them to better understand fundamental principles, solve problems, and focus on what they need to know to succeed.
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